1️⃣ Artificial Intelligence (AI) Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the broad field focused on building systems that can perform tasks requiring human intelligence. Examples: Rule-based chatbots Chess-playing systems like IBM Deep Blue Expert systems in healthcare 🔹 Early AI (1950s–1980s) relied heavily on rule-based systems : “If X happens → Do Y.” These systems were powerful but rigid — they couldn’t learn from new data. 2️⃣ Machine Learning (ML) Machine Learning is a subset of AI that allows systems to learn from data instead of being explicitly programmed . Instead of writing rules, we train models using data. Examples: Email spam filters Recommendation engines like Netflix Fraud detection systems 🔹 Key idea: The system improves as it sees more data. Common approaches: Supervised Learning Unsupervised Learning Reinforcement Learning This was a major shift from “rule-based intelligence” to “data-driven intelligence.” Superv...